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2023, Issue 4 (61). AbstractsCONTENTS
CGE models for resource-based economy: A comprehensive bibliometric analysis This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis that demonstrates the relevance and effectiveness of computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling in solving economic and policy problems in various macrosystems, especially resource-based economies. We use a large data set containing information on 3654 publications from 1995 to 2021. We consider all relevant papers, yet the special focus is on the studies of resource-based economies (465 publications). The main purpose of the bibliometric analysis is to identify key geographic (authors affiliation, analyzed country, international collaboration) and thematic trends in the CGE modeling literature. We also describe the main application areas of CGE models, give an economic interpretation of bibliometric observations, and briefly review the relevant literature on resource-based economies. The analysis demonstrates that the number of annual publications related to the CGE approach has increased by almost five times over the considered period. The growth is mainly driven by environmental and climate topics: 40.5% of total publications are related to these subjects. Among environmental studies of resource-based economies, the most popular themes are climate policy, energy and agricultural sectors, and land use. Key words: bibliometric analysis, computable general equilibrium models, resource-based economy
The endogenous formation of leadership in collective actions using the modified timing decisions algorithm The paper explores endogenous formation of leadership within a collective which aggregate income dependents on effort invested by each member. The timing decisions mechanism is modified into a multi-step game. At each step formation of leadership occurs across agents who invest no effort up to that point. Each agent chooses between active and waiting strategy. By choosing the active strategy, agents put in their effort considering the effort by agents at earlier steps. By choosing the waiting strategy, agents abstain from effort at the current step. In a final step all agents who had chosen the waiting strategy invest their effort. We assume that agents will choose the active strategy in pursuance of maximum guaranteed gain. A case is examined where an agent choosing a strategy has no information on the actions of agents who are yet to invest their effort. We show that the optimum value of the leader’s effort per the maximin criterion equals the amount of effort which the agent would invest as a Stackelberg leader relative to all other agents who have not invested efforts at earlier steps. We prove that for every outcome of the two-period timing decisions game, a Pareto-dominant outcome exists within a multi-step game. Key words: collective action, leader, Nash equilibrium, Stackelberg equilibrium, Pareto improvement, timing decisions mechanism
Measuring digital economic gaps in the business sector of the regional economy The article is devoted to the problem of measuring digital economic gaps, which are formed with the heterogeneity of the territorial distribution of capital and digital industries. To determine digital gaps, an author’s methodology is proposed, based on a list of aggregated and private indicators characterizing the sphere of production, consumption of digital technologies by the business sector, providing the region with invested, infrastructural, human capital. Methods for estimating distances of cluster analysis were used as tools. To measure digital economic gaps, the methodology was tested on the example of 87 regions of Russia and a grouping was carried out, distributing regions by type: digital development leaders, developing, promising regions, underdeveloped and recipient regions. It was established that the largest inter-cluster gaps are observed in the leader (Moscow) from the rest of the regional clusters of digitalization of the business sector. The greatest impact on the unbalanced territorial development of the digital economy is the uneven formation of human capital for the digital economy and the scale of digital production. The reasons for the differences in the use of the opportunities of the digital economy lie in the different specialization of the business sector of the region and the available digital technologies for implementation in production and services. Developing and promising regions have a great advantage in the presence of technology parks and special economic zones, which widely attract highly qualified personnel and concentrate digital products highly appreciated in Russia. The results obtained can be used to develop support programs for lagging and promising regions, mechanisms for reducing economic gaps and a balanced distribution of capital throughout the country to accelerate digitalization processes. Key words: digital economic gaps, digital capital, index of digital development of the business sector of the region, digital production, digital capital intensity, digital transformations, center-periphery model
L.B. Karachurina, Vishnevsky Institute of Demography, HSE University, Moscow, Russia Population dynamics of large cities, their suburbs, and periphery in Russia during the intercensal period of 2011–2021 The article analyzes the results of population dynamics at the level of settlements based on the data of the Population Census-2020. Data on the numbers of settlements and the population in large cities, their suburbs, and peripheral territories is compared with similar census data from 2010. The new census showed that population concentration continues in Russia, with the number of residents within large cities and their suburbs growing at an average rate of 500–600 thousand people annually (2011–2021). About half of the growth came from large cities, the other half could be attributed to their suburbs, where the population growth was 2.5 times more intensive. A significant portion of the positive growth in the suburbs was ensured by large cities located in the suburbs of even larger centers. Along with urban sprawl and weak motivation to live in the suburbs as such, this does not allow conclusions to be drawn about the preference for suburbanization instead of urbanization. Outside large cities and their influence zones, there is almost universal population decline. It is less pronounced in local regional centers represented by medium and small cities. Key words: population concentration, urbanization, suburbanization, cities, suburbs, periphery, population growth
S.A. Nekrasov, Central Economics and Mathematics Institute RAS (CEMI RAS), Moscow, Russia The transfer of the currently emerging international practice of solving the problem of global warming to Russia will lead to an increase in energy supply costs. The result of CO2 absorption projects at thermal power plants will be a 120–230% increase in the cost of electricity produced by them, which will have a negative impact on socio-economic development. The absorption of carbon dioxide from exhaust gases in industry and energy is a capital-intensive and energy-consuming process. An alternative to preventing an increase in the cost of energy supply for the Russian Federation is to reduce the negative anthropogenic impact by using its natural potential. The increase in the annual absorption of carbon dioxide by Russian forests, which happened over 30 years, is comparable to its current emissions in thermal power engineering and heat supply. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need to change the methodology for solving the problem of transition to carbon-free energy. In contrast to the transfer into Russia the projects tested in the West for the absorption of CO2 of exhaust gases from industry and energy sector, one should be based on a systematic approach to carbon dioxide sequestration using opportunities that have not yet been implemented. Using the example of a study of environmental management in the area of the Rybinsk reservoir, the existence of a more effective solution for reducing CO2 content is shown in comparison with projects implemented in Western countries. Due to the growth of the power system capacity, which is ahead of electricity consumption, the importance of electricity generation at the Rybinsk HPP (hydro power plant) has significantly decreased. Payments for the utilization of greenhouse gases due to reforestation will be at least 15 times higher than the decrease in the HPP’s revenue due to a change of reservoir level. Due to the restoration of forests in part of the reservoir area, it is possible to ensure the sequestration of 1.5 million tons of CO2 per year, which is equivalent to the implementation of projects to capture CO2 of exhaust gases at gas-fired power plants with a capacity of at least 0.92 MW. Key words: reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, reforestation, renewable energy sources, clean electricity production, hydropower
E.A. Kazakova, HSE University, Moscow, Russia Platforms, online labor markets, and crowdsourcing. Part 2. Crowdsourcing This survey complements the general discussion of online labor platforms and focuses on crowdsourcing. When a business task is outsourced via a crowdsourcing platform, it is split into smaller so-called microtasks that are further distributed to a`crowd’ of platform’s workers. The majority of crowdsourced microtasks are standardized and not time-consuming. Therefore, any interested worker can supply his labor force in a crowdsourcing platform facing almost zero entry barriers and special requirements. This specific feature of crowdsourcing platforms and the workers involved distinguishes this market from other online labor platforms. In this survey, we compare a crowdsourcing market to online and offline labor markets. In particular, we provide arguments in favor of considering crowdsourcing as a complement to the traditional labor marker rather than its direct alternative. We give a special emphasis to crowdsourcing workers, their motivation to enter a platform, and their labor supply. Moreover, comparing different online labor markets’ structures, we conclude that crowdsourcing is the closest one to standard two-sided platforms and, therefore, features large-magnitude indirect network effects. Deeping into the structure of crowdsourcing platforms, we consider peculiar approaches to matching and pricing in this market, as well as discuss problems in accessing labor force quality. Overall, crowdsourcing platforms expand the traditional labor market, whereas one should note that crowdsourcing regulation is heavily linked to policies developed to regulate analogous two-sided platforms. Key words: online platforms, crowdsourcing, labor markets
I.A. Makarov, National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Moscow, Russia Impacts of climate change on the Russian economy: Ranking of regions by adaptation needs Climate change makes Russia warming faster than global average that is associated with the significant potential damage for its population and economy. To minimize this damage, the system of adaptation measures is needed. Taking into consideration the diversity of climate and economic conditions across the Russian territory and given the scarcity of resources for implementing such measures, their prioritization is necessary, that means revealing of those regions which face the highest level of climate change-related risks. This study proposes the rating of the Russian regions by the level of physical risks of climate change and the need for adapting to them. Rating is built with the use of the analytical framework “hazard — exposure — vulnerability” and is based on ranging the Russian regions by each of these components of climate risk. Rating is composed for four crucial climate-change related hazards: the impact of heat waves on the health of urban population, the impact of droughts on agriculture, rising frequency of forest fires, and melting permafrost. The results of the study are presented separately for regional and federal level of policy and provide the objective base for the prioritization of adaptation measures funding. Key words: climate change, climate risks, adaptation to climate change, regional economy, funding adaptation measures
Efficacious methods of restraining COVID-19 through behavioral public policy Discussions about the degree of state influence on the economy have always had a special place in economics, but the COVID-19 pandemic created a new round of the old dispute. States took unprecedented measures to contain the spread of the disease, changing many of everyday life practices of the citizens. These methods, despite their effectiveness, had significant drawbacks. The concept of libertarian paternalism by R. Thaler and C. Sunstein, based on the achievements of behavioral economics, offers new methods of state intervention in the private life of citizens. The methods of libertarian paternalism aimed at containing COVID-19 were experimentally proven to be effective. In our work, we point out the weaknesses of traditional methods of containing the spread of the disease, demonstrate directions for behavioral interventions, and review methods that experimentally proved effective. Thus, the most important problem, in our opinion, is the spread of conspiracy theories and disinformation, and the most promising areas through which behavioral changes can be carried out are: social context, leadership, threat perception, overcoming fear, scientific communication, personal and collective interests. This text can be useful not only to theorists of behavioral economics and public policy, but also to practitioners of public administration. Key words: libertarian paternalism, behavioral public policy, Covid-19 JEL classification: I18, I38, D90
E.B. Lenchuk, Institute of Economics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia Strategic planning: New challenges in the context of external constraints The article focuses on the objective prerequisites for the use of strategic planning tools in public administration practice in conditions of growing geo-economic and geopolitical uncertainty. It is shown that in such conditions it is the state that bears the responsibility for determining the vector of the country’s future development and making comprehensive strategic decisions for its implementation. In this regard, the need to improve the quality of goal setting, strengthen program and design principles in solving strategic problems of economic development, and transition to indicative planning is substantiated. Based on analysis of the main reasons that don’t allow creating the strategic planning process on a systematic basis in Russian, the main directions for improving this process both methodologically and organizationally are substantiated, in order to transform it into the core element of shaping socio-economic policy at the present stage. Key words: strategic planning, public administration, goal setting, structural and technological changes, indicative planning, socio-economic development strategy
L.I. Jakobson, National Research University “Higher School of Economics” (HSE University), Moscow, Russia Strategic planning in conditions of uncertainty: Adaptivity for sustainability When designing both governmental and business strategic plans nowadays, an overwhelming uncertainty about the future state of natural and social environment needs to be considered. Businesses are gradually shaping approaches to solve this problem and revising the known ideas of risk management. At the government level, however, the same problem, which becomes even more challenging, urgent and demanding, is still being solved less successfully. Any attempts to find the solution, mostly drawing on the Soviet planning experience, and generally based on the planning of both detailed and aggregate output indicators for specific products are futile. Approaches targeting outcomes are more adequate, provided that priority is given to the sustainability of the plans rather than to the number of quantitatively defined targets. It is expedient, on the one hand, to avoid including in the strategic plans a higher level of what may require adjustments for the sake of responding to new challenges and opportunities. On the other hand, it is advisable to introduce response strategies in these plans, including conditions and rules for the adjustment of plans at the other levels. This paper proposes one of the instruments for risk management in conditions of uncertainty called “a ladder of sustainability”. Key words: : uncertainty, strategic planning, risk management, “ladder of sustainability”
G.L. Kupryashin, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia On the public governance robustness in turbulent times Theoretical reflection on turbulence faces the problem of conceptualizing the relationship between stability and changes within the framework of existing models of governance. The article shows that this relationship characterizes the capacities of these models to cope with the negative consequences of shocks. All the models discussed in this article approach turbulence as a situational complexity within a limited time frame, and the control tools typical of these models are able to overcome the dysfunctions caused by turbulence and ensure stability and order. At the same time, the latter are not considered as conditions for development, and the fight against dysfunctions does not go beyond a reaction to specific unfavorable factors with a focus on returning to the initial state. The author contrasts these characteristics of the existing systems of governance with the fourth emerging model, robust governance, highlighting the structural and dynamic capacities of this model, showing the institutional traps that impede their formation. The article provides examples of institutional traps that can generate internal turbulence of governance, superimposed on the actions (consequences) of exogenous factors. It is argued that the stability of a robust system implies adjustments of functions as the outcomes of the influence of turbulence, as well as changes are innovations that use the possibilities of turbulence to transform existing governance. Key words: turbulence, adaptation, robustness, robust public governance, institutional traps
I.N. Tkachenko, Ural State University of Economics, Ekaterinburg, Russia Features of the stakeholder model of public governance The article updates the problems of applying the stakeholder approach to the model of public governance in the “good governance” format. The logic and algorithm of the presented research is based on a theoretical, methodological and applied framework, formed by analyzing the results of the achievements of foreign and Russian authors who study the processes of development of the stakeholder model in corporate business, analyzing the possibilities of transferring management technologies from the business sphere to the public governance sphere and the specifics of adapting the stakeholder approach in public governance. An attempt has been made to compare the development of the stakeholder model in corporate governance with the level of development of the stakeholder model in public governance in the following aspects of the subject base of the study: identification and analysis of stakeholders, analysis of network interaction of actors, the value component in corporate governance and public values in public governance, “Good governance” as a guideline for good governance, assessment of the contributions and benefits of stakeholders in corporate and government management. A conclusion is drawn about the absence of a universal scheme of “proper” governance for different countries and about the prospects for implementing a stakeholder approach in the field of public governance in Russia. Key words: stakeholder approach, corporate governance, public governance, “Good governance”, shared values
I.I. Smotritskaya, The Institute of Economics RAS, Moscow, Russia Public governance: Towards dialogue and cooperation? The article examines a new discourse of public administration development, involving the interaction of government and society in choice of management decisions. The article analyzes the activities of existing public institutions formed on the principles of voluntary participation of representatives of civil society in public administration. It is shown that the effectiveness of the activities of these institutions is very limited, and actual absence of significant influence on their decisions-making power levels off the economic and social effects from public discussions, taking into account public opinion. The modern trend in the development of public administration is considered. It consists in the transition to collective principles of administrative decision-making at all levels of the political and economic system. It is shown that digitalization of management processes, new digital institutions and technologies of interaction with civil society create additional opportunities for all stakeholders, including the stage of initiating economic strategies. Conceptual approaches to the expansion of the concept of «public administration», including the new subjects in the management process to achieve compromise and balance of public interests are proposed. As a result of the gradual expansion of the participation of civil society institutions in the decision-making process, the development of the principles of «positive cooperation», prerequisites will be formed to limit the possibility of erroneous decisions and, as a result, to increase the efficiency of public administration. Key words: public governance, public institutions, public choice, cooperation, collective management decisions, digitalization Back | ||
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